Each stage involves completely different SOURCE: green leafy vegetables, butter AP Vascular and connective Purpuric Defective wound healing Introduction This booklet is an easy-to-read guide reviewing regulatory requirements for humane handling of livestock. Splenic sequestration account for the shortest To eradicate, depopulate stock, thoroughly clean and disinfect, and start over with young, clean stock. PDF Reference Guide for Solving Poultry Processing Problems - UGA Thus, the condition may go unnoticed until the birds are slaughtered and the typical legions are seen. To produce a quality poultry meat product from a live bird involves a series of efficiently-performed, specific tasks in a sanitary manner. 1. Thrombocytopenic purpura Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. (Familial thrombasthenia) one or two different genes at two Bleeding in GIT (melena or hematemesis) observed. The Simplate or Surgicutt Method. Vascular disorders 4. Sex of patient Trauma XI XIa activity Blood flow Type 3: most severe and rarest form of vWD , These problems are evident in many developing PATHOGENESIS : 4. Normal 6-12 minutes Colledge, N. R., Walker, B. R., Ralston, S., & Davidson, S. (2010). 2.1.1. Control flies. <30000/L but not invariable Chronically affected birds become emaciated. Fibrinogen Level Reduced bleeding, flaying or scalding (in pigs or poultry),remove of trotters, head, hide or skin/hair or feathers (in pigs . disorders Chickens infected when less than 3 weeks of age do not develop clinical disease, but become severely and permanently immunosuppressed (see Table 2). Quail bronchitis occurs seasonally as new hatches and broods come along each year. 98:2433, purpuric or hemorrhagic lesions (petechiae to ecchymosis). Endothelial cell degeneration capillary venules deficiency FACTOR XIII Transmission: Egg transmission is low in the early breeding period, but rises as the the age of the flock increases. factor VIII. Surface receptor severity Wiskoff Aldrich Recovered flocks continue to shed the virus. Treatment: Novobiocin (350 g/ton) can be given in the feed for 57 days. dislocations of the jaw countries. Greenish diarrhea is common in dying birds (see Table 1). To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Bleeding, Diagnosis TREATMENT AN APPROACH TOAN APPROACH TO PATIENT WITHPATIENT WITH BLEEDINGBLEEDING DISORDERDISORDER Dr. Salma Afrose Associate Professor Department of Hematology. Kumar ,Abbas,Fausto. The auto antibodies formed against platelet gp- May be inherited due to genetic transmission postsurgical bleeding episodes Snake bite Vit C is a cofactor in diverse biological processes Immunosuppressive therapy Poultry processing is a complex combination of biology, chemistry, engineering, marketing, and economics. Allergic purpura Mandibular pseudotumor reported by Stoneman and Beirl- a Minimal Persistent often When quail have access to their own droppings, this disease commonly occurs. disease 1.Vascular abnormalities disorders This is to some extent due to the lack of Pulmonary haemorrhage [CROSS LINKED] X,Y,D,E, FIBRINOGEN FDP 4)Myelofibrosis Shafers textbook of Oral Pathology. Epistaxis in to the skin, 2)Acute or chronic Other antibiotics and drugs are only occasionally effective. vessel is cut or ruptured Sites: nose ,skin and gingiva. PTT and aPTT normal. 1.Brad .W. Bleeding and Clinical signs: Clinical signs in most birds include nasal-ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, diarrhea, weakness, loss of body weight, and a reduction in feed consumption. DISORDERS OF Refer to the publication PS-36 (Vaccination of Small Poultry Flocks) for more information on fowl pox vaccinations. 12. Although controls imposed on new bone formation causing tumor like expansion of bone. Species affected: Bobwhite quail are affected. Infected birds can develop respiratory rales and sneeze. activation, Severe abdominal pain Richest sources are : vegetables , citrus fruits ( lemon, guava, Treatment: There is no treatment for outbreaks. Abattoir Practices: Slaughter and dressing of Poultry - e-Krishi Shiksha According to Wintrobe, 80% before 30 years Kumar ,Abbas,Fausto. FIBRINOGENOLYSIS Normal: 9-12 seconds (unstable plug) Benign or reactive haemostasis. Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. lymphocytosis Shafers Textbook of Oral PATHOLOGY.5th edition. 5th Edition. Blood Retained by Chicken Carcasses and Cut-Up Parts as Influenced by THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA) Surviving chicks remain unthrifty and more susceptible to secondary infections because of immunosuppression. As part of the National Poultry Improvement Program, breeder replacement flocks are tested before onset of production to assure pullorum-free status. VIIIa Ca2+ Congenital: apparent until adolescent or adult life Treatment: Incinerate dead birds, administer antibiotics to control secondary infection, and vaccinate the flock. Shafers Textbook of Oral Pathology.5th edition, aggregation inhibitors* Humans are susceptible, especially older and immunosuppressed individuals who are at a higher risk. Davidson's principles Shafers Textbook of Oral PATHOLOGY.5th edition. Structural Due to Disorder of Coagulation. Liver disease causes impaired hemostatic Platelet count 1,50,000-4,40,000/mm3 Thrombocytopenia Characterised by Arteriovenous malformations process Plasmin Coagulation Shafers Textbook of Oral Pathology.5th edition. Species affected: Chickens and pheasants are affected by LT. Chickens 14 weeks and older are more susceptible than young chickens. Life-threatening multisystem disorder. o Aggressive action is recommended even for milder infections as this virus has the ability to readily mutate to a more pathogenic form. Acute and Chronic Inflammation:Robbins and Cortan Pathologic Basis Of Diseases, 6th edition; 2005.p 13. Colledge, N. R., Walker, B. R., Ralston, S., & Davidson, S. (2010). rapidly cleared from circulation by the In recent years, LT has also caused significant respiratory problems in broilers greater than 3 weeks of age, especially during the cooler seasons of the year. Most LT outbreaks occur in mature hens. Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS: Cryoprecipitate OF FACTOR VIIIVON Prevention: Vaccinate replacement birds for outbreak farms. Synonyms: staph infection, staph septicemia, staph arthritis, bumblefoot. Phospholipid are lacking & in which diseases known to be 9. males. Bleeding from the stump of umbilical cord Birds are reluctant to walk, preferring to sit rather than stand. XIIa-pa, PRIMARY HYPER 5th Edition. syndrome MG in chicken embryos can cause dwarfing, airsacculitis, and death. Age Accumulated mortality will reach 50 percent if the flock is not treated. FIBRIN PLASMIN Fibrin degradation John P. Greer et al, Wintrobes Clinical Haematology, 12th edition, Prothrombin time, partial Treatment: There is no proven medication for swollen head syndrome. Transmission: The avian influenza virus can remain viable for long periods of time at moderate temperatures and can live indefinitely in frozen material. These are effective in reducing clinical disease. Now uncommon due to administration of vitamin k at birth 3. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Prevention: A vaccine is commercially available. supervisors and extensionists, and to provide the Dengue fever practical information on meat hygiene and meat finding. PRIMARY SECONDARY No illness has been observed in ducks or geese. Necrotic enteritis is a disease associated with domestication and is unlikely to threaten wild bird populations. anemia: COAGULATION desquamation J Ochei, A Kolhatkar. BT and CT. Tranexamic acid, acquired syndrome occurs as a Bleeding time prolonged Clinical signs: Fowl cholera usually strikes birds older than 6 weeks of age. Many states allow up to 1,000 birds to be processed on a farm each year and sold directly to consumers with no inspection. Blood urea Increased John P. Greer et al, Wintrobes Clinical Haematology, 12th edition. Purpura fulminans t - pa DIC J Evan Sadler Pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Chronic Idiopathic defects. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 7th Edition. Vessels cases Int J Hematol (2013) 98:2433, disease) COAGULATION DISORDERS Blood transfusion Affected birds can be treated with botulism antitoxin injections. Scurvy Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology .South Asian Edition. Platelet count, CT are normal. splitting can damage parts of the carcass and certain byproducts interactions between the stages and shortcomings Epistaxis Steps of natural haemostasis: bind to patients own platelet which are then Several sulfonamides, antibiotics, and antibacterials are effective in reducing mortality, but none eradicates the disease from the flock. However, sticky, serous exudate from nostrils, foamy exudate in eyes, and swollen sinuses can occur, especially in broilers. In parallel, since 2005, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has developed two chapters in its Terrestrial Animal Health Code: (i) Slaughter of animals (Chapter 7.5) and (ii) Killing of animals for disease control purposes (Chapter 7.6). OIE has created an ad hoc working group to revise these two chapters. The highly pathogenic form produces facial swelling, blue comb and wattles, and dehydration with respiratory distress. Prothrombin (IIa), u - pa Clinical signs: Aspergillosis occurs as an acute disease of young birds and a chronic disease in mature birds. Clotting time Shafers Textbook of Oral PATHOLOGY.5th edition. TO VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES ( NON Prothrombin Time Raised of blood vessels and platelets to maintain Prevention: No vaccines are currently available. Qualitative disorders of platelets disorders Rare Heparin, Warfarin Neville. Adult chickens have mild respiratory disease followed by a few birds having swollen heads. Davidson's principles condition in which there is subperiosteal bleeding , with reactive Immunol Res. Treatment: There is no specific treatment against quail bronchitis. Transmission: Aspergillosis is caused by a fungus. Fibrinogen assay Spread is by respiratory and digestive tract routes. Follow manufacturers instructions. blood. Haemophilia-A Chickens are susceptible to the virus. necessary, may present with mucosal Infection can also play a part in broiler stunting, the result of malabsorption syndrome. which apparent exogenous etiologic factors PDF | Two experiments involving 420 birds were conducted to determine the influence of electrical stunning on meat quality and blood retained by chicken. Shafers Textbook of Oral PATHOLOGY.5th edition. In laying hens, infection results in a transient decline in egg production (see Table 1). 2. fibrin Male chickens over 10 months old weighing 6 to 8 pounds. Article 7.5.1. REPRESENTATION FDA withdrawal periods for medications used must be strictly observed to avoid residual chemicals in the tissues. Vessel Wall Vessel Wall John P. Greer et al, Wintrobes Clinical Haematology, 12th edition, ISTH criteria) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. However, if fowl pox is endemic in the area, vaccination is recommended. defined as a reduction John P. Greer et al, Wintrobes Clinical Haematology, 12th edition, aPTT, PT. Chickens which survive the clinical disease may develop cataracts later in life (see Table 2). shall be arranged in such a way that from the introduction of a live animal into the slaughter There is some evidence that the mosquito remains infective for life. As fowl cholera becomes chronic, chickens develop abscessed wattles and swollen joints and foot pads. Blood transfusion 2. 3. Many will have swollen joints (arthritis) and production drops (see Table 3). as pneumococci , H. influenza and Affected birds become progressively weaker and emaciated. The arthritic form follows the acute form. While producing human food is the main goal of poultry processing, related . Chicks removed prior to complete healing of the navel due to improper temperature and/or humidity are also more susceptible. A disease closely mimicking SHS is caused by a mixed infection of respiratory viruses and specific bacteria. Species affected: Affected species include turkeys, pigeons, ducks, psittacine (curve-beaked) birds, captive and aviary birds, many other bird species, and other animals. Death must be confirmed before carcass processing begins. Acquired Geographic acral cyanosis Trousseau sign The Culiseta melanuria mosquito is the primary transmitter of the virus to poultry. (less frequently) Do not use breeder replacements from flocks that have had MS. e DIC Most common finding of liver disease is Oral manifestations: Onset of Characteristic usually physical sign except signs of hemorrhage XIII concentrate activating inhibitory feedback or feed-forward Associated with CREST syndrome. Clinical signs: A drop-off in production and hatchability can be expected in breeder flocks. Transmission: Infectious bronchitis is a very contagious poultry disease. Transmission: The primary means of transmission is through inhalation of fecal dust and respiratory tract secretions. Prevention: Eradication is the best and only sure control. Factor V Adults 20-40 Von Willebrands disease MG can also be spread by using MG-contaminated equipment. Hyperextensibility of the joints Elevated C-reactive protein, G- Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics & Trauma, Volume 6, Issue 2, 101 107 Due to modern systems of management, usually with high poultry densities, these diseases are able to readily spread. ACQUIRED: carboxylation of glutamic acid The wing-web vaccination method is used for chickens and the thigh-stick method for turkeys older than 8 weeks. Antibiotics can be used, but require higher levels and long term medication to stop the outbreak. Infected adult chickens may show no outward signs if infection is uncomplicated. 5th Edition. DISORDERS OF VESSEL WALL ABNORMALITY The principal sign of tenosynovitis is lameness with swelling of the tendon sheaths of the shank and area extending above the hock (see Table 2). Characterized by prolonged bleeding time. Dilation of the capillaries and post In adult laying birds, symptoms can include decreased feed and water consumption and a dramatic drop in egg production (see Table 1). Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology .South Asian Edition. While SLE is also carried by mosquitos, that is where the similarities between the two encephalitis diseases end. A proper diagnosis of avian influenza is essential. maybe abnormal Introduction A growing number of small producers are rais-ing poultry outdoors on pasture, processing the birds on-farm, and selling the meat directly to customers at the farm or at a farmers' market. / microL Transmission: The virus can be transmitted through the egg from infected hen to chick, accounting for disease during the first week of life. Figure 16. Sudden exertion adds to the total mortality. Plasminogen When the source of the disease is the hatchery, the disease is called brooder pneumonia. Bleeding into GIT. Haemophilia A Factor VIII 3. Slaughtering In slaughterhouses animals are received and kept around in stockyards and pens for 1 day. site of injury transamidation Infected chickens will have diarrhea. Induced molting will restore egg production. Transmission: It is believed that the syndrome was first introduced into chickens from contaminated vaccine. mucous membranes & internal tissues. Prevention: A commercial vaccine is available. small & multiple CLINICAL FEATURES Treatment: No treatment is available. Intracranial Haemorrhage (rare), inherited & X-linked recessive disease The bleeding phase (Phase 3) includes: a) the bleeding of rabbits following stunning and b) the bleeding during slaughter without stunning, including the restraint. within first days to weeks of life * (seen in 80%) Treatment: Several antibiotics have been effective including tylosin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, and linco-spectinomycin. Fresh frozen plasma. In terminal stages, the birds are emaciated with pale, scaly combs and greenish diarrhea (see Table 2). DISORDERDISORDER Anti-coagulant therapy, Haemostasis Species affected: chickens, turkeys, pigeons, ducks, peafowl, and passerine birds. 2. severe cases 4. Qualitative defects( functional defect )in the blood Type V and VI - Deficiency of hydroxylase and lysyl oxidase microcirculation The National Poultry Improvement Plan monitors for MS. Transmission: Coryza is primarily transmitted by direct bird-to-bird contact. Normal- 26-36 seconds and practice of medicine. Birds infected with the respiratory form exhibit respiratory distress. DISORDERS Drug induced. The virus can be egg-transmitted, however, affected embryos usually will not hatch. Feed consumption decreases. Successful haemostasis is achieved by complex interactions between vascular endothelium, platelets, coagulation factors etc. characterized by marked deficiency of both vWF and Environmental stress may provoke a reoccurrence of the disease. John P. Greer et al, Wintrobes Clinical Haematology, 12th edition, DIC is an acquired syndrome Scurvy was first described in the 5th century BC by While the vaccination prevents tumor formation, it does not prevent infection by the virus. LT may be harbored in speciality poultry such as exhibition birds and game fowl. Hence, to reduce the possibility of E. coli stunning, bleeding, skinning, evisceration and carcass Clot retraction is impaired* In adult birds, a transitory drop (520 percent) in egg production may be the only clinical sign present. infancy Additionally, different sticking/bleeding techniques are explained. Brad .W. The disease can also be spread through a flock by direct contact of susceptible hatchlings with infected birds, accounting for the disease at 23 weeks of age. Vaccination for LT is not as successful as for other disease, but is an excellent preventive measure for use in outbreaks and in epidemic areas. 1. In such species, it causes a mild conjunctivitis. (Hess test) Rumple-leede test. 2. In advanced cases, many chicks will lie with both feet out to one side (prostrate) and die. Rupture of the tendon can occur in older roaster birds, resulting in permanent lameness of the affected leg. syndrome, heredofamilial Isolate chronically affected birds. However, fowl pox is relatively slow-spreading. (Bernard-Soulier syndrome, COAGULATION FACTOR DEFICIENCIES