[citation needed] In Peru, the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. Why did Spain colonize Florida and the Rio Grande valley? Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten Spanish explorers claimed land for the crown in the modern-day states of Alabama, Arizona, the Carolinas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, and California. Spanish colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia Menndez arrived in 1565 at a place he called San Augustn (St. Augustine) and established the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. Spain soon grew rich from ample deposits of gold and silver in Mexico, Central America, and South America.In addition to the quest for gold, however, Spain sought to spread Christianity. [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. The Spanish saw these populations as a source of labor, there for their exploitation, to supply their own settlements with foodstuffs, but more importantly for the Spanish, to extract mineral wealth or produce another valuable commodity for Spanish enrichment. French colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. [82], The conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires ended their sovereignty over their respective territorial expanses, replaced by the Spanish Empire, and indigenous religious beliefs and practices were suppressed and populations converted to Christianity. Permanent Spanish settlements were founded in New Mexico, starting in 1598, with Santa Fe founded in 1610. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. [75], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. Each country had different motivations for colonization and expectations about the potential benefits. [89] In Mexico, the crown established the General Indian Court (Juzgado General de Indios), which heard disputes affecting individual indigenous as well as indigenous communities. Las Casas, Bartolome. [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigourney Weaver as Queen Isabel. By the middle of the 16th century, however, this trade was under threat. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. In 1784 it regained control of the rest of Florida as part of the peace treaty that ended the American Revolution. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. In 1620, a group of settlers left Plymouth, England, to join the settlers in Jamestown. [20][21][22], The capture of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, by Corts was not a brilliant stroke of innovation, but came from the playbook that the Spanish developed during their period in the Caribbean. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. Spaniards also raised cattle in Alachua (near present-day Gainesville) and, in 1698, permanently established Pensacola. The second factor was the disease. These overseas territories of the Spanish Empire were under the jurisdiction of Crown of Castile until the last territory was . [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. By the time Spain established St. Augustine in 1565, France already had a toehold in Florida. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. In 1821 Treaty of Crdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. Spain evacuated Florida after the exchange, leaving the province virtually empty. During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. It became the second-most valuable export from Spanish America after silver.[149]. Two years later, fellow Frenchman Ren Goulaine de Laudonnire established Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River, near present-day Jacksonville. Pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens allowed Spaniards to eat a diet with which they were familiar. French response came two years later, when Dominique de Gourgues recaptured San Mateo and made the Spanish soldiers stationed there pay with their lives. Collier, Simon. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. [68] To carry out the expedition (entrada), which entailed exploration, conquest, and initial settlement of the territory, the king, as sovereign, and the appointed leader of an expedition (adelantado) agreed to an itemized contract (capitulacin), with the specifics of the conditions of the expedition in a particular territory. Far more famous now is Lope de Aguirre, who led a mutiny against Ursa, who was murdered. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. 142-43. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. These overseas territories of the Spanish Empire were under the jurisdiction of Crown of Castile until the last territory was lost in 1898. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. Cushner, Nicolas P. Argentina: The Colonial Period in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. [135], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. Ron DeSantis, Governor Sometime between April 2 and April 8, Ponce de Len waded ashore on the northeast coast of Florida, possibly near present-day St. Augustine. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. [10] The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) in Seville. Queen Isabel put an end to formal slavery, declaring the indigenous to be vassals of the crown, but Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor continued. First, it was split into two parts: East Florida, with its capital at St. Augustine; and West Florida, with its seat at Pensacola. That was of enslaved Africans. In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. The rise in power of the Ottoman Turks and the decline of the Mongol Empire disrupted traditional trade routes. Background. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Spain Colonization | Facts, Timeline, & Mind Maps - EdrawMind This was only 21 years after Columbus first set foot in the Bahamas and initiated Spanish colonization of the Americas. The colony of Georgia had been an issue of contention between Britain and Spain since its foundation in 1733. Corts's seeking indigenous allies was a typical tactic of warfare: divide and conquer. Spain was not the only European nation that found Florida attractive. Narvez, De Soto and many other members of these expeditions died, but survivors made it to Mexico to relate their experiences. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. [c] Shortly after founding Santa Fe, Oate was recalled to Mexico City by the Spanish authorities. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. D. Spain wanted to protect its colony in Mexico from other Europeans. Europeans had become accustomed to the goods from Asia, such as the silk, spices, and pottery that had for centuries traveled the Silk Road. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. pp 9, Warren, J. Benedict. [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. Among this first group was Toribio de Benavente, known now as Motolinia, the Nahuatl word for poor.[128][129]. Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. Why did Spain colonize Florida and the Rio Grande valley? A. The The leader of the expedition pledged the larger share of capital to the enterprise, which in many ways functioned as a commercial firm. Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. [78] Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law. In 1562 the French protestant Jean Ribault explored the area. The Dutch East India Company controlled trade with the so-called Spice Islands, which are now part of Indonesia, making the Netherlands one of the worlds foremost commercial centers. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. That expedition was to make world history. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. The English colonists in the Carolina colonies were particularly hostile toward Spain. Other Europeans may have reached Florida earlier, but no firm evidence of such achievement has been found. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. In Mexico, Hernn Corts and the men of his expedition founded of the port town of Veracruz in 1519 and constituted themselves as the town councilors, as a means to throw off the authority of the governor of Cuba, who did not authorize an expedition of conquest. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. Florida officially became a Spanish colony. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. Transfer of Florida - University of South Florida To this end, France fostered good relationships with Native Americans, and built on mutual benefits of the trade of beaver furs for French goods. 5, pp. Ida Altman, S.L. In order to get these valuable colonies back, Spain was forced to give up Florida. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. Castao, Victoria Ros. Florida officially became a Spanish colony. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. French Florida (Renaissance French: Floride franoise; modern French: Floride franaise) was a colonial territory established by French Huguenot colonists as part of New France in what is now Florida and South Carolina between 1562 and 1565. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910.
2023 17u Wwba West National Championship,
St Timothy's Episcopal Church West Des Moines,
It Was Wonderful Experience Working With You,
Articles W